Cryogenic Fuel Systems Engineering in 2025: Pioneering the Next Era of Clean Propulsion and Industrial Transformation. Explore the Technologies, Market Dynamics, and Strategic Opportunities Shaping the Future.

• Executive Summary: Key Trends and Market Drivers in 2025
• Global Market Size, Segmentation, and 2025–2029 Growth Forecasts
• Breakthroughs in Cryogenic Storage and Transfer Technologies
• Major Players and Strategic Partnerships (e.g., airliquide.com, linde.com, spacex.com)
• Applications: Aerospace, Energy, Transportation, and Industrial Sectors
• Regulatory Landscape and Industry Standards (e.g., asme.org, ieee.org)
• Supply Chain, Manufacturing, and Materials Innovation
• Sustainability, Decarbonization, and Environmental Impact
• Investment, Funding, and M&A Activity in Cryogenic Fuel Systems
• Future Outlook: Opportunities, Challenges, and Market Growth (2025–2029, CAGR estimated at 8–11%)
• Sources & References

Executive Summary: Key Trends and Market Drivers in 2025

Cryogenic fuel systems engineering is poised for significant advancements in 2025, driven by the accelerating global transition toward cleaner energy, the expansion of space exploration, and the growing adoption of hydrogen and liquefied natural gas (LNG) as alternative fuels. The sector is witnessing robust investment and innovation, particularly in the design and integration of storage, transfer, and distribution systems for cryogenic fuels such as liquid hydrogen, LNG, and liquid oxygen.

A primary market driver is the rapid scaling of hydrogen infrastructure, with governments and industry leaders committing to ambitious decarbonization targets. In 2025, major players such as Air Liquide and Linde are expanding their portfolios of cryogenic storage and distribution solutions, supporting both mobility and industrial applications. These companies are investing in large-scale liquid hydrogen production and supply chains, including advanced cryogenic tanks and refueling stations, to meet the needs of fuel cell vehicles and heavy transport.

The aerospace sector remains a key innovation hub, with organizations like NASA and ArianeGroup advancing cryogenic propulsion systems for next-generation launch vehicles. In 2025, the Artemis program and commercial lunar missions are driving demand for high-performance cryogenic storage and transfer technologies, including zero-boil-off systems and advanced insulation materials. These developments are critical for enabling longer-duration missions and supporting the emerging lunar economy.

In the maritime and heavy transport sectors, the adoption of LNG as a marine fuel is accelerating, propelled by stricter emissions regulations and the International Maritime Organization’s 2025 targets. Companies such as Woodside Energy and Shell are investing in LNG bunkering infrastructure and cryogenic fuel handling systems to support the growing fleet of LNG-powered vessels. The integration of digital monitoring and automation in cryogenic systems is also enhancing operational safety and efficiency.

Looking ahead, the outlook for cryogenic fuel systems engineering is robust, with continued growth expected in hydrogen and LNG infrastructure, aerospace applications, and industrial decarbonization. The sector is likely to see further collaboration between technology providers, energy companies, and government agencies to standardize safety protocols and accelerate commercialization. As cryogenic technologies mature, they will play a pivotal role in enabling the global energy transition and supporting sustainable mobility and space exploration initiatives through 2025 and beyond.

Global Market Size, Segmentation, and 2025–2029 Growth Forecasts

The global market for cryogenic fuel systems engineering is poised for robust growth between 2025 and 2029, driven by accelerating investments in space exploration, the expansion of liquefied natural gas (LNG) infrastructure, and the increasing adoption of hydrogen as a clean energy vector. Cryogenic fuel systems—encompassing storage tanks, transfer lines, pumps, valves, and control systems—are essential for handling fuels such as liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen, and LNG at extremely low temperatures.

In 2025, the market is expected to be valued in the multi-billion-dollar range, with North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific as the leading regions. The United States remains a key hub, propelled by the activities of major aerospace and energy companies. Lockheed Martin Corporation and NASA are at the forefront of developing advanced cryogenic systems for space launch vehicles and deep space missions. In Europe, ArianeGroup and Air Liquide are prominent, with Air Liquide also supplying industrial-scale cryogenic solutions for hydrogen and LNG applications. In Asia, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Kawasaki Heavy Industries are expanding their portfolios in LNG and hydrogen infrastructure.

Market segmentation is typically based on end-use sectors (aerospace, energy, industrial gas, marine, and transportation), fuel type (LNG, liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen, others), and system component (storage, transfer, control). The aerospace sector is anticipated to see the fastest growth, as reusable launch vehicles and lunar missions demand highly reliable and efficient cryogenic systems. The energy sector, particularly LNG and hydrogen, is also set for significant expansion, with new terminals and bunkering facilities under construction in Europe and Asia.

From 2025 to 2029, annual growth rates in the cryogenic fuel systems engineering market are projected to be in the high single digits, with some segments—such as hydrogen storage and transfer—potentially exceeding 10% CAGR. This is underpinned by government decarbonization policies, the scaling of green hydrogen projects, and the global push for cleaner marine and heavy-duty transport fuels. Companies like Linde plc and Chart Industries are investing in next-generation cryogenic equipment to support these trends.

• North America: Dominated by aerospace and LNG, with strong government and private sector investment.
• Europe: Focused on hydrogen and LNG, with major infrastructure projects and regulatory support.
• Asia-Pacific: Rapid LNG and hydrogen infrastructure buildout, led by Japan, South Korea, and China.

Looking ahead, the market outlook for cryogenic fuel systems engineering remains highly positive, with technological innovation and cross-sector collaboration expected to drive both capacity and efficiency gains through 2029.

Breakthroughs in Cryogenic Storage and Transfer Technologies

Cryogenic fuel systems engineering is experiencing significant breakthroughs in storage and transfer technologies as the global demand for sustainable energy and advanced propulsion systems accelerates. In 2025, the focus is on enhancing the efficiency, safety, and scalability of cryogenic systems, particularly for applications in aerospace, space exploration, and hydrogen infrastructure.

A major area of innovation is the development of advanced cryogenic tanks capable of minimizing boil-off losses and maintaining ultra-low temperatures for extended periods. Air Liquide, a global leader in gases and cryogenics, has been at the forefront of designing double-walled, vacuum-insulated storage vessels with integrated multilayer insulation. These tanks are now being deployed in both stationary and mobile hydrogen refueling stations, supporting the rapid expansion of hydrogen mobility networks in Europe and Asia. Similarly, Linde has introduced modular cryogenic storage solutions that allow for flexible scaling and integration into existing energy infrastructures, with a focus on liquid hydrogen and liquefied natural gas (LNG) applications.

In the aerospace sector, the push for reusable launch vehicles and deep-space missions has driven the need for more robust and lightweight cryogenic storage. Lockheed Martin and Boeing are actively developing composite cryogenic tanks that offer significant mass reductions compared to traditional metallic designs. These composite tanks are being tested for use in upper-stage rockets and in-orbit refueling depots, with the goal of enabling longer-duration missions and reducing launch costs. Notably, SpaceX continues to refine its cryogenic methane and oxygen storage systems for the Starship program, focusing on rapid propellant transfer and thermal management during repeated launches.

Breakthroughs in cryogenic transfer technologies are also emerging, particularly in the context of space-based operations. The NASA On-orbit Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing (OSAM) initiative is advancing autonomous cryogenic fluid transfer, with successful demonstrations of robotic refueling of cryogenic propellants in microgravity. These technologies are expected to mature further by 2027, paving the way for commercial in-space refueling services and extended satellite lifespans.

Looking ahead, the integration of digital monitoring and smart control systems is set to further optimize cryogenic storage and transfer. Companies like Siemens are deploying sensor networks and AI-driven analytics to predict boil-off rates, detect leaks, and automate safety protocols in real time. As these innovations mature, the next few years will likely see cryogenic fuel systems become more reliable, cost-effective, and integral to the global transition toward clean energy and advanced space operations.

Major Players and Strategic Partnerships (e.g., airliquide.com, linde.com, spacex.com)

The landscape of cryogenic fuel systems engineering in 2025 is shaped by a cohort of major industrial players and a web of strategic partnerships, each driving innovation and deployment across aerospace, energy, and transportation sectors. The field is characterized by the need for advanced storage, transfer, and handling solutions for liquefied gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, and natural gas at extremely low temperatures.

Among the most prominent companies, Air Liquide stands out as a global leader in cryogenic technologies. The company is actively expanding its infrastructure for liquid hydrogen production and distribution, supporting both mobility and industrial decarbonization. In 2024 and 2025, Air Liquide has announced new partnerships with automotive and aerospace manufacturers to develop next-generation cryogenic storage tanks and fueling stations, particularly in Europe and Asia. Their collaboration with major OEMs is expected to accelerate the adoption of hydrogen-powered vehicles and aircraft.

Linde, another industry heavyweight, continues to invest in cryogenic engineering for both hydrogen and liquefied natural gas (LNG) applications. Linde’s expertise in large-scale liquefaction plants and cryogenic distribution networks positions it as a key supplier for emerging hydrogen corridors and LNG bunkering facilities. In 2025, Linde is focusing on modular cryogenic systems that can be rapidly deployed to support new green hydrogen projects, as well as on joint ventures with energy majors to scale up liquid hydrogen supply chains.

In the aerospace sector, SpaceX remains at the forefront of cryogenic fuel system innovation. The company’s Starship program relies on advanced cryogenic tanks and transfer systems for liquid methane and liquid oxygen, enabling rapid reusability and high-frequency launches. SpaceX’s in-house engineering of cryogenic systems is setting new benchmarks for reliability and performance, with ongoing investments in ground support equipment and propellant depots. The company’s partnerships with NASA and commercial satellite operators are expected to further drive advancements in cryogenic handling and storage technologies.

Strategic alliances are also emerging between industrial gas suppliers and technology startups. For example, Air Liquide and Linde are both engaging with smaller firms specializing in cryogenic valve technology, insulation materials, and digital monitoring systems. These collaborations aim to enhance safety, efficiency, and scalability of cryogenic fuel infrastructure. Additionally, cross-sector partnerships—such as those between energy companies and shipbuilders—are accelerating the deployment of LNG and hydrogen-powered vessels, with cryogenic systems at the core of these initiatives.

Looking ahead, the next few years will likely see intensified collaboration among these major players, with a focus on standardizing cryogenic components, improving system integration, and reducing costs. The convergence of aerospace, energy, and mobility sectors around cryogenic fuel systems engineering is poised to play a pivotal role in the global transition to low-carbon technologies.

Applications: Aerospace, Energy, Transportation, and Industrial Sectors

Cryogenic fuel systems engineering is rapidly advancing across aerospace, energy, transportation, and industrial sectors, driven by the global push for decarbonization and high-efficiency energy solutions. In 2025 and the coming years, these systems are expected to play a pivotal role in enabling the storage, handling, and delivery of liquefied gases such as liquid hydrogen (LH₂), liquefied natural gas (LNG), and liquid oxygen (LOX).

In aerospace, cryogenic fuel systems are central to the next generation of launch vehicles and reusable spacecraft. Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) continues to refine its cryogenic propellant management for the Starship and Falcon series, focusing on rapid turnaround and in-orbit refueling capabilities. Similarly, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is advancing cryogenic fluid transfer and storage technologies for its Artemis lunar missions, with ongoing demonstrations of zero-boil-off storage and autonomous cryogenic fluid management. European players such as ArianeGroup are also investing in high-performance cryogenic upper stages for the Ariane 6 launcher, targeting improved payload capacity and mission flexibility.

In the energy sector, cryogenic systems are integral to the global LNG value chain. Major suppliers like Shell plc and Exxon Mobil Corporation are expanding LNG production and export infrastructure, with a focus on advanced cryogenic storage tanks and regasification terminals. The rise of green hydrogen is accelerating demand for large-scale LH₂ storage and distribution systems. Companies such as Linde plc and Air Liquide S.A. are developing turnkey cryogenic hydrogen solutions, including liquefaction plants and insulated transport vessels, to support emerging hydrogen economies in Europe, Asia, and North America.

Transportation applications are seeing a surge in cryogenic fuel adoption, particularly for heavy-duty vehicles, shipping, and rail. Cummins Inc. and Hyundai Motor Company are piloting cryogenic hydrogen fuel systems for trucks and buses, aiming for commercial deployment by 2027. In maritime, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. and Wärtsilä Corporation are delivering LNG and LH₂ fuel systems for next-generation vessels, addressing both emissions regulations and operational efficiency.

Industrial sectors are leveraging cryogenic systems for applications such as metal processing, electronics manufacturing, and medical gas supply. Praxair, Inc. (now part of Linde) and Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. are expanding their portfolios of cryogenic storage, vaporization, and distribution equipment to meet growing demand for ultra-cold gases in precision manufacturing and healthcare.

Looking ahead, the integration of digital monitoring, advanced insulation materials, and autonomous control is expected to further enhance the safety, efficiency, and scalability of cryogenic fuel systems across all sectors. The next few years will likely see increased collaboration between technology developers, OEMs, and end-users to accelerate commercialization and standardization of cryogenic infrastructure worldwide.

Regulatory Landscape and Industry Standards (e.g., asme.org, ieee.org)

The regulatory landscape and industry standards for cryogenic fuel systems engineering are evolving rapidly as the global energy sector intensifies its focus on hydrogen, liquefied natural gas (LNG), and other cryogenic fuels. In 2025, the sector is witnessing a convergence of safety, performance, and environmental requirements, driven by both governmental mandates and industry-led standardization efforts.

A cornerstone of cryogenic systems regulation is the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), whose Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) and B31.3 Process Piping Code remain foundational for the design, fabrication, and inspection of cryogenic storage tanks, pipelines, and associated components. The 2025 editions of these codes are expected to incorporate updated material specifications and enhanced testing protocols, reflecting lessons learned from recent large-scale hydrogen and LNG projects. ASME’s ongoing collaboration with international bodies is also fostering greater harmonization of standards, which is crucial as cross-border LNG and hydrogen trade expands.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) plays a pivotal role in the electrical and control systems aspects of cryogenic fuel infrastructure. IEEE standards, such as those governing instrumentation, safety interlocks, and monitoring systems, are being revised to address the unique challenges posed by cryogenic temperatures and the need for real-time leak detection and emergency shutdown capabilities. In 2025, new IEEE working groups are focusing on digitalization and cybersecurity for cryogenic fuel terminals, reflecting the sector’s increasing reliance on automation and remote operations.

On the international front, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) continues to update its ISO 21010 and ISO 16924 standards, which cover the design and operation of cryogenic vessels and LNG fueling stations, respectively. These standards are being revised to accommodate the growing use of liquid hydrogen and to address interoperability between different fuel types and equipment manufacturers. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) is also active, particularly in harmonizing requirements for hydrogen refueling infrastructure across EU member states.

Industry groups such as the Hydrogen Council and the Gas Infrastructure Europe (GIE) are working closely with regulators to ensure that new standards reflect operational realities and support the safe scaling of cryogenic fuel systems. In the next few years, the regulatory outlook points toward stricter lifecycle emissions reporting, enhanced safety case requirements, and the integration of digital compliance tools. As the sector matures, proactive engagement with evolving standards will be essential for companies seeking to deploy next-generation cryogenic fuel technologies globally.

Supply Chain, Manufacturing, and Materials Innovation

The supply chain, manufacturing, and materials innovation landscape for cryogenic fuel systems engineering is undergoing significant transformation as the global demand for liquefied hydrogen (LH2), liquefied natural gas (LNG), and other cryogenic fuels accelerates in 2025 and beyond. The push for decarbonization in aerospace, marine, and heavy transport sectors is driving rapid expansion and modernization of cryogenic infrastructure, with a focus on reliability, scalability, and cost-effectiveness.

Key players in the cryogenic equipment sector, such as Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Linde plc, and Chart Industries, Inc., are investing heavily in advanced manufacturing capabilities. These companies are scaling up production of cryogenic tanks, vaporizers, and transfer lines, leveraging automation and digitalization to improve throughput and quality. For example, Chart Industries, Inc. has expanded its modular fabrication facilities to meet surging demand for hydrogen and LNG storage and transport solutions, while Linde plc is focusing on integrated supply chain solutions that encompass liquefaction, storage, and distribution.

Materials innovation is a critical area of focus, as cryogenic systems must withstand extreme thermal stresses and prevent leakage or embrittlement. Stainless steels, aluminum alloys, and advanced composites are being optimized for lower weight and higher durability. Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. is developing proprietary insulation technologies and multilayer composite structures to minimize boil-off losses and improve safety margins. Meanwhile, Linde plc is collaborating with materials suppliers to qualify new alloys and coatings that enhance the longevity of cryogenic pipelines and valves.

Supply chain resilience is a top priority in 2025, as geopolitical tensions and raw material shortages have exposed vulnerabilities. Leading manufacturers are diversifying their supplier base and investing in local production hubs to reduce lead times and transportation risks. Chart Industries, Inc. and Linde plc have both announced new facilities in North America and Europe to support regional hydrogen and LNG projects, aiming to localize critical components such as pumps, valves, and instrumentation.

Looking ahead, the next few years will see increased collaboration between cryogenic system manufacturers, materials science companies, and end-users to accelerate the adoption of next-generation materials and digital manufacturing techniques. The integration of real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance, enabled by IoT and AI, is expected to further enhance the reliability and efficiency of cryogenic fuel systems, supporting the global transition to low-carbon energy carriers.

Sustainability, Decarbonization, and Environmental Impact

Cryogenic fuel systems engineering is increasingly central to global sustainability and decarbonization strategies, particularly as industries seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to cleaner energy sources. In 2025 and the coming years, the focus is intensifying on the deployment of cryogenic systems for liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquid hydrogen (LH₂), and other low-carbon fuels across sectors such as transportation, power generation, and heavy industry.

A key driver is the rapid expansion of LNG infrastructure, which offers a lower-carbon alternative to traditional fossil fuels. Major players like Shell and ExxonMobil are investing in advanced cryogenic storage and transport solutions to support global LNG supply chains. These systems are engineered to minimize methane leakage and energy losses during liquefaction, storage, and regasification, directly impacting the overall carbon footprint of LNG as a transitional fuel.

Simultaneously, the push for hydrogen as a zero-emission energy carrier is accelerating the development of cryogenic hydrogen storage and distribution technologies. Companies such as Air Liquide and Linde are at the forefront, deploying large-scale LH₂ production and storage facilities. These systems are designed to support emerging hydrogen mobility applications, including fuel cell vehicles, trains, and even aviation, where cryogenic hydrogen offers significant energy density advantages over compressed gas alternatives.

Environmental impact assessments in 2025 emphasize the importance of lifecycle analysis for cryogenic fuels. The energy intensity of liquefaction and boil-off gas management are critical factors. Innovations such as improved insulation materials, advanced boil-off gas reliquefaction, and integration with renewable energy sources are being implemented to further reduce emissions. For example, Woodside Energy is piloting renewable-powered liquefaction plants, aiming to decarbonize the upstream supply chain.

Looking ahead, regulatory frameworks in the EU, US, and Asia are tightening emissions standards for shipping, heavy transport, and industrial processes, incentivizing the adoption of cryogenic fuel systems. The International Maritime Organization’s 2025 targets for shipping emissions are prompting rapid retrofitting of LNG and hydrogen-ready vessels, with engineering firms like GTT (Gaztransport & Technigaz) providing advanced cryogenic containment solutions.

In summary, cryogenic fuel systems engineering is poised to play a pivotal role in decarbonization efforts through 2025 and beyond. Continued innovation, investment, and regulatory support are expected to drive further reductions in environmental impact, positioning cryogenic fuels as a cornerstone of the sustainable energy transition.

Investment, Funding, and M&A Activity in Cryogenic Fuel Systems

The cryogenic fuel systems engineering sector is experiencing a surge in investment, funding, and merger and acquisition (M&A) activity as the global energy transition accelerates and demand for liquefied gases—particularly hydrogen and LNG—intensifies. In 2025, this momentum is being driven by both established industrial gas giants and a new wave of technology startups, with strategic capital flowing into R&D, manufacturing scale-up, and vertical integration.

Major industry players such as Linde, Air Liquide, and Air Products and Chemicals continue to lead in both organic investment and targeted acquisitions. These companies are expanding their cryogenic infrastructure portfolios, including liquefaction plants, storage tanks, and distribution systems, to support the growing hydrogen and LNG markets. For example, Linde has announced multi-billion dollar investments in new hydrogen liquefaction and storage facilities, while Air Liquide is scaling up its cryogenic production and logistics capabilities across Europe, North America, and Asia.

In parallel, specialized engineering firms and equipment manufacturers such as Chart Industries and Cryostar are attracting significant funding to expand their product lines and global reach. Chart Industries, for instance, has been active in acquiring complementary businesses to broaden its cryogenic technology offerings, including storage, transport, and fueling solutions for hydrogen and LNG. The company’s recent acquisitions and joint ventures are aimed at capturing a larger share of the rapidly growing clean fuels market.

Venture capital and private equity are also playing a pivotal role, particularly in supporting startups focused on next-generation cryogenic pumps, valves, and integrated fuel systems. These investments are often aimed at accelerating commercialization and scaling up manufacturing to meet anticipated demand from the mobility, aerospace, and industrial sectors.

Looking ahead, the outlook for M&A and funding activity in cryogenic fuel systems engineering remains robust. The sector is expected to see continued consolidation as larger players seek to secure technology leadership and supply chain resilience. At the same time, public and private funding initiatives—especially those tied to national hydrogen strategies and decarbonization targets—are likely to further stimulate innovation and infrastructure buildout through 2025 and beyond.

Future Outlook: Opportunities, Challenges, and Market Growth (2025–2029, CAGR estimated at 8–11%)

The period from 2025 to 2029 is poised to be transformative for cryogenic fuel systems engineering, with the sector expected to experience a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) estimated between 8% and 11%. This growth is driven by the accelerating adoption of liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquid hydrogen, and other cryogenic fuels across aerospace, marine, and heavy transport industries. The push for decarbonization, coupled with stringent emissions regulations, is compelling manufacturers and operators to invest in advanced cryogenic storage, transfer, and fueling technologies.

Key industry players such as Air Liquide, Linde, and Chart Industries are expanding their portfolios to include next-generation cryogenic tanks, pumps, and vaporization systems. Air Liquide is investing in large-scale hydrogen liquefaction and distribution infrastructure, targeting both mobility and industrial applications. Linde is advancing integrated solutions for hydrogen and LNG, focusing on modular, scalable systems to support rapid deployment. Chart Industries continues to innovate in cryogenic storage and transport, with a focus on lightweight composite materials and digital monitoring for enhanced safety and efficiency.

The aerospace sector is a major driver, with companies like ArianeGroup and SpaceX relying on cryogenic propellants for next-generation launch vehicles. The demand for reliable, high-performance cryogenic systems is also increasing in the marine sector, where LNG-powered vessels are being adopted to meet International Maritime Organization (IMO) emissions targets. Woodside Energy and Shell are investing in LNG bunkering infrastructure, further stimulating demand for advanced cryogenic engineering solutions.

Despite these opportunities, the sector faces significant challenges. Technical hurdles include minimizing boil-off losses, improving insulation materials, and ensuring system integrity under extreme temperature cycles. Supply chain constraints for specialized components and skilled labor shortages may also impact project timelines. Regulatory harmonization across regions remains a work in progress, particularly for hydrogen applications.

Looking ahead, the integration of digital technologies—such as IoT-enabled sensors and predictive analytics—will be crucial for optimizing performance and maintenance. Strategic partnerships between technology providers, fuel producers, and end-users are expected to accelerate innovation and deployment. As governments and industry stakeholders intensify their focus on clean energy, cryogenic fuel systems engineering is set to play a pivotal role in the global energy transition through 2029 and beyond.

Sources & References

• Air Liquide
• Linde
• NASA
• ArianeGroup
• Woodside Energy
• Shell
• Lockheed Martin Corporation
• Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
• Kawasaki Heavy Industries
• Boeing
• Siemens
• Air Liquide
• Linde
• Exxon Mobil Corporation
• Hyundai Motor Company
• Wärtsilä Corporation
• Praxair, Inc.
• ASME
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• Gas Infrastructure Europe (GIE)
• GTT (Gaztransport & Technigaz)